Out-of-pocket-expenditure (OOPE) in India continues to account for more than half of its current health expenditure with significant state-level variations. OOPEs attain catastrophic levels when they exceed a certain percentage of a household’s monthly income or capacity to pay, typically due to unexpected and high-cost expenses. Catastrophic health spending varies enormously across and within countries and is consistently high among the poor, less educated, uninsured, rural households, female-headed households, households with members suffering from chronic illness, and households with older people.
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