Technological advancement is enabling governments to break away from this fragmented model and adopt an approach that allows individual departments to share infrastructural capacities. In policy parlance, this new approach is referred to as an ‘ecosystem-based’ delivery model, wherein several government departments are integrated at the back end, operate on the same platform, with their workflows interoperable with each other. At the front-end, the citizens benefit from a single sign-on platform, supported by one-time authentication and onboarding to claim entitlements across different schemes. Further, these ecosystem-based delivery models are typically supported by social registries which are ‘information systems that support the outreach, intake, registration, and determination of potential eligibility for one or more social programmes’ (Leite et al., 2017). Data integration and interoperability frameworks that permit the exchange of data across information systems are thought to facilitate economies of scope and scale while improving the coordination and monitoring of programmes (Barca and Chirchir, 2020). Integration between management information systems (MIS) of different schemes is also thought to facilitate better emergency social protection responses in the event of unforeseen, large-scale shocks (Chirchir and Kidd, 2011).
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